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The term ''anno Domini'' is Medieval Latin, which means ''in the year of the Lord'' but is often translated as ''in the year of our Lord''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕〔 "since AD stands for ''anno Domini'', 'in the year of (Our) Lord'".〕 It is occasionally set out more fully as ''anno Domini nostri Iesu'' (or ''Jesu'') ''Christi'' ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ"). The terms ''ラテン語:anno Domini''〔The word "anno" is often capitalized, but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative. Wikipedia's manual of style also prescribes lowercase.〕〔http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/anno-domini〕〔https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=anno%20Domini〕 (AD or A.D.) and before Christ〔The word "before" is often capitalized, but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative. Wikipedia's manual of style also prescribes lowercase.〕〔http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bc〕〔https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=before%20Christ〕〔http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bc〕 (BC or B.C.) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with ''AD'' counting years from the start of this epoch, and ''BC'' denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525, but was not widely used until after 800.〔 〕 The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today. For decades, it has been the unofficial global standard, adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations. Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the "AD" abbreviation before the year number.〔This convention comes from grammatical usage. ''Anno 500'' means "in the year 500"; ''anno domini 500'' means "in the year 500 of Our Lord". Just as "500 in the year" is not good English syntax, neither is 500 AD; whereas "AD 500" preserves syntactic order when translated (''Chicago Manual of Style'' 2010, pp. 476–7; Goldstein 2007, p. 6).〕 However, BC is placed after the year number (for example: AD , but 68 BC), which also preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium, as in "fourth century AD" or "second millennium AD" (although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions).〔''Chicago Manual of Style,'' 1993, p. 304.〕 Because BC is the English abbreviation for ''Before Christ'', it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means ''After Death'', i.e., after the death of Jesus. However, this would mean that the ~33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would not be included in either of the BC and the AD time scales.〔Donald P. Ryan, (2000), 15.〕 Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current, or Common Era (abbreviated as CE or C.E.), with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common, Christian, or Current Era (BCE or B.C.E.). Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD years. == History == The ''Anno Domini'' dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.〔Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 767〕 The last year of the old table, Diocletian 247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, AD 532. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year—he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".〔(Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius ) Introduction and First Argumentum.〕 Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date." Blackburn & Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation. Among the sources of confusion are:〔 *In modern times, Incarnation is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as Bede, considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity *The civil, or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year). *There were inaccuracies in the list of consuls *There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar", and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years (the period during which the dates of Alexandrian Easter repeat) from the first year of his new table.〔Tøndering, Claus, ''(The Calendar FAQ: Counting years )''〕 It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq〔Declercq, Georges, "Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era" Turnhout, Belgium, 2000〕 that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old ''Anno Mundi'' calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament. It was believed that, based on the ''Anno Mundi'' calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the ''Anno Mundi'' calendar marking the end of the world.〔Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006〕〔Mosshammer, Alden A.: The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 254, p. 270, p. 328〕 ''Anno Mundi'' 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world〔Declercq, Georges: Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era. Turnhout Belgium. 2000〕 but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anno Domini」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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